Essay on Why Framers Chose Federalism - 1198 Words

Introduction: Federalism is a system of government that divides governing power and authority between the national governments and the state governments (Bowman). In 1787, the framers of the constitution chose this specific type of government to rule over the United States. I will show you that the framers chose this system of government for several different types of reasons. Reasons are because the national government was not strong enough, to maintain the states sovereignty, and it will protect individual liberty. I will also show you how the 10th Amendment, Concurrent Powers, and Block Grants each apply to the federalist system of government. You will see why the framers chose Federalism and understand how Block Grants, Concurrent†¦show more content†¦For example, Texas could not make a law forbidding women to vote, because the national government has said that it is a right for all citizens of this country. There are many laws that the states may have, there’s tr affic laws, criminal laws, property laws and many others. For example, Colorado is allowed to give the death penalty to someone who has committed a murder. Federalism made it so that the states were still able to do what they wanted to do, but with a little more control and organization. Protecting Individual Liberty Liberty is the condition of being free from restriction. It is the right to act, believe, or express oneself in a manner. The Framers of the constitution believed that any governmental power was a threat to our individual liberty, and that the exercise of governmental power should be restrained. They felt that to divide governmental power prevented the abusement of liberty. Since the powers is shared between the federal and state governments, it prevents either one of the governments from going corrupt and denying personal liberty. Federalism also protects the liberty of all persons within a State by ensuring that laws that are enacted in excess of delegated governmental power cannot direct or control their actions. Federalism: The 10th Amendment The 10th amendment is basically almost the meaning of federalism. This brief statement says â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by theShow MoreRelatedFederalism And The Other Federalism849 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve researched different texts and different information on the topic of federalism to have a good understanding and knowledge of it. I found many sources of great information to learn about federalism and how it influences many countries in the world that we know today. My goal in this paper is to give a good understanding to what I’ve learned and give great detail on federalism and the other Federalism is when two or more levels of governments share the same power over theRead MoreThe Depth Of The Teacher s Knowledge995 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciple Federalism. Federalism is the division of governmental power between a central government and several regional (state) governments. Federalism explains what powers belong to the federal government, to the states and powers of which they act upon concurrently. Federalism lays out expressed, implied, and inherent powers of the federal government Federalism explains and elaborates on the relationship between the states and the national government, and interstate relations. Federalism is oneRead MoreProblems Associated With Democracy As Seen Through The Framers1203 Words   |  5 PagesProblems Associated With Democracy as Seen Through the Framers In Federalist 10, James Madison explains why the framers of the constitution chose a representative democracy, a republic, as opposed to a â€Å"pure democracy†. His argument being that a pure democracy consists of a small number of citizens who congregate and conduct and handle the government in person, but since the United States of America was geographically too large, it disqualified the option of administering a pure democracy. In additionRead MoreThe Right For Individual Legal Age Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment is choose by a dictator. In evaluating the political culture of the states, some political scientists classify them as individualistic, traditionalistic, or moralistic political cultures. Explain what these three types of cultures are. Why is California classified as having a â€Å"moralistic† political culture? Individualistic political culture is a society which is characterized by individualism, not collectivism. Traditionalistic is Social and family ties of prominent. where this type ofRead MoreUnited States Constitution and New York2667 Words   |  11 PagesConstitution reflect the political atmosphere of the United States in the late eighteenth century? What domestic and international concerns prompted the Constitutional Convention of 1787? Explain how these concerns were addressed by the debates of the framers, and what extent did the final document successfully meet the political challenges of the period? Before the U.S. Constitution the political atmosphere during the late eighteenth century was very turbulent. The Constitution is a direct reflectionRead MoreEssay on Study Guided3983 Words   |  16 Pages | | |Cite the Article Section. | |1.Too much power to states and not national |Federalism and separation of powers established in which power was shared but mostly in | |government; president couldn’t do anything |the hands of the national government, and any power not stated in the Constitution was in | | Read MoreMidterm . Section One: . Shay’S Rebellion: An Uprising1811 Words   |  8 Pagesthe state of nature. Hobbes came to this conclusion in believing human nature had flaws and was selfish, being said believed the power should not be given to the people. Yet, Locke believed in peace and believed men made reasonable decisions. 2. Why is democracy considered DANGEROUS by our founding fathers? The founding fathers feared direct democracy because they believed that the majority would become tyranny. The fear of absolute power to one comparing to the monarchy rule of Great BritainRead MoreThe Constitution Of The Amendment2425 Words   |  10 PagesWe, the People, have for too long ignored the framers intent on the relationship between the separation of powers between the Federal and State government. The abdication of responsibility for protecting the 10th amendment, not only by our elected officials but by citizens as well, deviates the subtle balance of power in our nation to a detrimental state. The United States of America is just that, united States, that have the power to legislate for their constituents any laws not delegated to theRead MoreThe Contributions Of James Madison Essay2531 Words   |  11 PagesConstitution to be officially passed, 9 of the 13 states had to agree to it. Many argued the points of the Constitution and felt like the framers had it wrong in the fact of allowing a central government to exist. They feared that the central government would wind up becoming sovereign instead of the people. Many also felt that the â€Å"Constitution would strengthen federalism rather than eliminate it.† Others did not agree with the fact that the Constitution denied some powers to the states and claimed thatRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesof all of the issues that must be considered when setting a comprehensive security policy Security Decisions: The Nature and Role of Law -Law as a Process of Collective Choices -Authoritative and Controlling -Very theoretical discussion on why we have laws - says laws are only laws when they control behavior, laws must change as what is acceptable behavior changes -Constitutional and Instrumental -Law plays two different roles -Constitutional - defines institutions, procedures, and

Korean Free Essays

Korean| Romanized| Translation| | Een-sah| Greetings| . ( )| Nae-il tto manapshida (mannayo)| Until tomorrow! | | Toh Bayo| Literally means: â€Å"See you again†| | Chal-ga| Bye! | (14) . Ijeobeoryeonneundeyo. We will write a custom essay sample on Korean or any similar topic only for you Order Now I’ve forgotten. (15) â€Å"Test† â€Å"Test† hangugeoro mwoyeyo? How do you say â€Å"test† in Korean? (16) â€Å" † . â€Å"Siheom†irago haeyo. You say â€Å"siheom†. (17) . Hangungmallo haseyo. Please speak/say it in Korean. (18) ? . Dasi hanbeon hae boseyo Try it again. (19) . Majasseoyo. That’s correct. (20) . Teullyeonneundeyo. That’s not right. (21) . Oneureun iman hagesseoyo. We’ll stop here today. Hyeonu: Bae an gopa? You hungry? (Lit. Aren’t you hungry) Minjun: Eo†¦ yakgan. Yeah, a bit. Hyeonu: Jeomsim mwo meogeullae? Pija joahae? Whaddaya want for lunch? Pizza ok? Minjun: Pija? Geureom. Pizza? Alright. Hyeonu: Geureom, uri pija meokja. Pizza it is then. (Lit. Then let’s eat pizza. ) Romanisation and Translation Hyeonu: Deureogaja. Let’s go in here. (Minjun sees Hyeonu eating an olive. ) Minjun: Neo ollibeu joahae? You like olives? Hyeonu: Eung, wae? Neon sireo? Yep, why? Don’t you like ‘em? Lit. You dislike them? ) Minjun: Eo. Nan byeolloya. Nah. (Lit. Yeah) Not really. (Lit. I don’t particularly. ) Vocabulary Let’s go in. ? [? +? ] you ? you dislike olive(s) ? yeah; oh like ? [? +? ] I ? yeah/yep not really ? why Jihun: Nan jibe ga. Going home. : ? : ?. , : . : ? . . : , . ?. Romanisation and Translation Jihun: Jig eum mwo hanya? Whatcha doin’? Minseo: Ripoteu sseo. Geunde, wae? Writing an assignment. Why? (Lit. Anyway/but, why? ) Minseo: Na bappa. Ppalli malhae. I’m busy. Just say it. How to cite Korean, Papers

Leading Managing People

Question: Discuss about theLeading Managing People. Answer: Introduction: Effective leadership can be identified as one of the major prerequisites for organizational success. As mentioned by Bush (2014) leaders are the ones who have the capacity to motivate and engage the team members to go beyond their limits to obtain a certain goal. However, leaders need to customize themselves according to the demands of the situation. Hence, depending on my own perspective and position, I have developed a leadership model which I think will be helpful for leading the employees of my workplace. Multiculturalism, teamwork and the leadership theories can be identified as a few major references of a leadership model. In the context of my company ABC, we have teams with members belonging from different cultural background and the company is following a transactional leadership. It is adversely affecting the team morale and culture of the organization. Hence, I suggest a leadership model, which will encourage participation, motivation and innovation. For my personal leadership model, I have selected the democratic leadership attitude, visionary pioneering and motivational guidance as the three core abilities for my leadership model. Discussion: A leadership model talks about the traits and characters of a leader. I personally recommend a model, which is organized upon the vision and relationship. As the leaders need to direct his subordinates, an effective leadership model needs to focus on creating team morale, open communication and vision for the future. With an effective bonding and a clear vision, the team members will be able to contribute to organizational as well as personal growth. Leadership is important in promoting multiculturalism in an organization. It talks about diversity in the work force. My leadership model will promote diversity by obtaining the strategy of democratic participation in the decisional making process. On the other hand, teamwork and co-ordination in the team is important for the success of an organization, the motivational and participatory leadership pattern of the proposed leadership model will uphold co-ordination in the teamwork. Last but not the least, the leadership theories like, the Great Man Theory, Trait Theory, Behavioural Theories, Contingency Theories, Transactional Theories, Transformational Theories and others are the guidelines for leaders. Here, I have amalgamated some traits of transformational and democratic leaders to develop my own leadership model. The Desired Traits of Leader: According to my opinion, I will love to have a leader who will be a visionary and focus on the relationship issues within the team members. As mentioned by Trujillo and Scott (2014) a transformational leader is someone who is committed to a vision and they try to empower others to achieve that vision. According to me, it is must have quality for an effective leader. A leader needs to be the pioneer of new trend. He has to be a man of future whom others can rely upon. Moreover, a leadership model must focus on the democratic decision-making. As opined by Tiftik et al. (2015) a democratic leader considers the opinion of the team members while taking a decision. According to me, a leader needs make the team members feel that their opinion matters to the company. Hence, having a democratic and open attitude is a must-have quality for a leader. As opined by Spector (2014) when a leader encourages his team members to take part in the decision-making, it makes them more engaged in the team activities. Moreover, a leader needs to be committed to his responsibilities and team members. It sets an example for the team members and they find someone whom they can look upon for their professional growth. The Core Values: Very leadership model has some core values. These are the cornerstones of that particular leadership model. My leadership model can be identified as an amalgamation of the transformational and democratic leadership theory. The core value of my leadership model can be as follows: Community Collaboration: I have identified relationship building as one of the major key skills of an effective leader. Hence, it is fundamental for a leader to establish a sense of community via collaboration with peers among the team members. In the multicultural world of business, crating co-operation and co-ordination is essential for effective management of a team. As discussed by Bush (2014) an effective leader needs to create co-operative environment within a multicultural group to eliminate the cultural clashes and uphold the advantages of diversity within the work force. Understanding the Team Members: A leader needs to understand and know the limitation and potentiality of the team members. As mentioned by Tiftik et al. (2015) a democratic leader needs to identify the future leader and allocate responsibility by showing the faith upon him by saying I know you can do this. However, he needs to identify the skills and area of interests delegate responsibilities accordingly. As a leader of a multi cultural team, he needs to identify the cultural and ethnic orientation of the employees and respect those to promote diverse point of views to solve any issue (Shriberg et al. 2002). Open Communication: With open communication and sharing of information, the leader will achieve desired level of trust from the subordinates (Shriberg et al. 2002). Moreover, it will also help the employees identify and speculate the future for their organizational and personal growth. Utility of the Discussed Model: In the context of my own organization, where the team consists of members with varied cultural identities and my model of leadership will encourage participation and increased team morale. As my organization is following a transactional leadership model, the employees are bound to maintain the protocol and there is no space for innovation. In opposition to this, my leadership model will encourage people to provide innovative idea to solve an organizational issue. Moreover, it will provide increase participation from the employees and it will ensure employee satisfaction and decreased cases of employee turnover (Shriberg et al. 2002). Culture that Would be Promoted by my Leadership Model: As mentioned by Tiftik et al. (2015) a transformational leadership creates a culture of innovation within the organization. As my own leadership model is influenced with the idea of visionary leadership of transformational theory, it will motivate the employees to opt for innovative ways of carrying out the responsibilities. On the other hand, my workplace is multicultural; hence, opting for the democratic leadership traits will provide the space for growth of multiculturalism (Shriberg et al. 2002). The core value of my leadership model of open communication will create a culture of understanding and harmony within the team members. Moreover, the democratic model of my leadership will promote employee satisfaction and increased faith upon the company values from the employees end. The employees will understand that they will be valued for their innovation and dedication for the work and not for the compliance of the norms. It will promote a culture of creativity within the organizat ion. The Goals of my Leadership Model: In my workplace, I have felt an issue with motivation and participation. My leadership model will strive to achieve, including all the team members in the decision-making process. Moreover, as we are bound to follow the protocols in my workplace, it discourses the team members to opt for innovation. Hence, my leadership model will try to motivate the employees to come up with innovative ideas for solving a certain problem. In addition, my leadership model will opt for achieving employee satisfaction and motivation to achieve team goals. Difference Between my Model and the Existing Leadership Pattern: My workplace follows a transactional leadership strategy. As opined by Ehrhart (2015) it follows the norms and the leaders expect that the employs will do as they are told. It has rigidity in working relationship. In my workplace the leaders focus on the role of supervision and the responsibility of any catastrophe is always of the employees. It uses the rewards and punishments for motivating the followers. It is typically focused on the attainment of planning and its execution (Shriberg et al. 2002). Naturally, the employees do not feel a democratic culture within the organization. It is discouraging their innovative faculty and satisfaction level. However, my idea of leadership will be completely different from it. My leadership model will encourage motivation and directing the behaviour of the employees to achieve a shard goal. As the members will get the opportunity to share opinion and innovate strategies to meet the goals, it will encourage them to achieve success. As a leader, I will need to put my trust on them. With motivating the employees my leadership model will promote the leaders of future. The nature of my leadership model will be proactive. As, discussed earlier, by emphasizing on the morals, values, needs, and ideals of the followers my leadership model will encourage a changed organizational culture. Application of my Model: To apply this model of leadership, I need to wait for a situation, which will need the management to opt for a new strategic policy. In such a situation, I will try to create a democratic environment within my team and ask for innovative suggestions from their end. It will encourage creativity and innovation within the organization. Moreover, in a complex situation I will communicate personally and openly with my team members and make them believe on the vision for future. I must follow the strategy of guiding but let the team members solve their problems. In addition, unlike the current leadership, I will accept my responsibility if any task goes wrong. My team members will not be blamed or discouraged for the innovative strategies they have opted for. Conclusion: A transformational leadership creates a positive change within the human resource of the organization. On the other hand, the democratic leaders promote participation, transparency and open communication within the organization. The leadership models suggested by the scholars are the embodiment of certain values. However, I personally believe that an effective leader cannot come from a certain typology. Hence depending my own perception, I believe that leader should be someone whom the followers will happily follow. Hence, with certain skills and values my leadership model will employ its charisma to influence the employees and motivate them to go beyond their limits to achieve the shared vision for future. References: Bush, T., 2014. Instructional and transformational leadership: alternative and complementary models?.Educational Management Administration Leadership,42(4), pp.443-444. Ehrhart, M.G., 2015. Self-concept, implicit leadership theories, and follower preferences for leadership.Zeitschrift fr Psychologie. Shriberg, A., Shriberg, D. and Lloyd, C. (2002).Practicing leadership. New York: J. Wiley Sons. Spector, P., 2014. Introduction: The problems and promise of contemporary leadership theories.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(5), pp.597-597. Tiftik, H., KÄÂ ±lÄÂ ±, Ã…Å ¾. and Saglam, M., 2015. Leadership Theories and Comparison of Them.Journal of Research in Business, Economics and Management,4(2), pp.312-322. Trujillo, T. and Scott, J., 2014. Superheroes and transformers: Rethinking Teach For America's leadership models.Phi Delta Kappan,95(8), pp.57-61.

The Ever Changing Concept of Health Essay Example For Students

The Ever Changing Concept of Health Essay With the dominance of medicine over the past two hundred years many historical health concepts have gone through various changes. The definition of health is dependent on one’s perspective, be it lay, professional or from influences of specific cultures or social ideals and health policies of a particular time or place (Fleming Parker 2012, p.30, Naidoo Wills 2000). An exploration through history will reflect on the health philosophies of the ancient Greeks and Romans, the Middle Age’s concept of quarantine and isolation and the religious theories of disease including a brief insight into the renaissance. Subsequently, a discussion of health concepts of the past two centuries including 19th century sanitary reform, the dominance in the 20th century of the medical model of health care. This paper will look at the shift away from the medical model and the 21st century concept of health promotion and multidisciplinary care, using allied health professionals. I will argue that attention to the achievements and failures of the historical concepts of health, equips allied health professionals with an opportunity to objectively decide which of these practices have relevance or are useful in developing new approaches for positive health outcomes. In ancient times religion and science were tied in together when it came to health and everyday living. The ruins throughout Greece and Italy stand as testament to their ingenuity with creating and building infrastructure, but also of the people’s belief in the power and influence of the ancient Gods to heal illness (Krieger 2012, p.47, Hays 1998, p.9). According to Tountas (2009) the ancient Greeks were the first to break with mystical notions of health re-orienting ‘medicine toward a more naturalistic and humanistic perspective’ to define health as ‘equilibrium between man and his environment’. The Greek scholar Hippocrates’ (c.460BC–c.370BC), defined the humoral conception of health, , with the balance of these being responsible for health, interacting together with lifestyle and environment, including individual constitution, clean air, diet and clean water. He noted in his writings, regarding the workers and slaves, that neglect of diet affected their health, yet, work was not considered an influencing factor on humoral balance (Tountas 2009, p.186-187, Fleming Parker 2012, p.28, Turner 2000, p.13, Krieger, pp.43-44, Noviik and morrow, 2008, p.5). Others such as Empedocles, Aristotle and later Galen extended Hippocratic humoral theory to link other elements (Hays 2009, pp.9-13). No matter which variation, these theories were an attempt to rationalise individual incidents of sickness and the differences in health status in the populace in relation to ‘underlying principles and environmental exposures’ (Krieger, p.46). According to Krieger (2011, p.47) Greek politics had influence stating ‘not only nature but politics informed the conceptualization of â€Å"balance† in Greek humoral theory’. Tountas (2009, p.187) noted that ancient Greek physicians were itinerant craftsmen, earning their reputation for skill from the successes of previous visits (Veith 1980, p.532). The diversity of their practice included leech craft, magic and what is known today as allied health professions including dietetics, nutrition, occupational therapy, health promotion and pharmacy (Tountas 2009, p.187, Turner 2007 p.13, Veith 1980, p.533). The ancient Greeks placed emphasis on the individual, with importance on personal hygiene, exercise, health education, as well as public health policy and physical, environmental and social factors (Tountas 2009, p.186, Fleming Parker 2012, p.28, Novik Morrow 2008, p.5) These ancient ideals were not altruistic but to benefit the elite and the military (Fleming Parker 2012, p.28). Ancient Roman philosophy was about the importance of the state, a population based approach with the social and financial benefits of keeping the public healthy. Their belief was, ill health was related to bad air, bad water, swamps, sewage, rubbish and poor personal hygiene. The Roman civilization is well known for engineering and administration systems. Applying these principles and taking measures for prevention and minimising risk of disease by the setting of policy, law and law enforcement, town planning to establish systems for sewerage, paving and guttering, aqueducts for clean water, public bath houses and rubbish removal (Fleming Parker 2012, p.28). Contrary to the practices of the ancients, medieval Europe was a time of filth, poverty, little education, pandemics and epidemics. The wisdom of the ancient understanding of the relationship between infrastructure, sanitation, hygiene, clean water, nutrition and health were disregarded (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Hays 1998, p.36). Disease was rampant, mortality rates escalated and life expectancy dropped. Many people traveling during crusades and wars, overcrowded populations and living conditions, lack of sanitation, infestations of vermin and commercial trade all contributed to the spreading of infectious disease. These factors lead to dysentery, diarrhoea and typhoid fever and influenced the spread of smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis and the plague (Hays 1998, p.36). Cholera, pulmonary anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague flourished with the profusion of black rats that easily moved around spreading plague to other areas. The cause was unknown at the time with the current medical paradigm consisting of humours and miasma and people believing corrupted air transformed into sticky miasmas causing infection and death (Cipolla 1992, pp.2-5, Hays 1998, p.37). Italian cities were the first to set up health boards to deal with the problems caused by epidemics, temporary at first in 1348 with permanent boards formed by early 15th century. It was a critical move from makeshift actions toward prevention (Cipolla 1992, pp.1-2). These diseases spurred authorities to enforce law and reporting regulations and use the limited measures available quarantine, isolation, segregation and expulsion, these measures continued into the 19th century (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Novik Morrow 2008, p.6). The justification for these actions was based on perceptions that disease moved from place to place, possibly by imported goods and/or person-to-person contact. Without any real comprehension of disease processes and their spread, physicians held to the contagion theory of disease. Prevalent was a strong influence from religion and superstition. Before scientific understanding of the causation of disease or infection, sickness was seen as an indication of sins of the soul or straying from the path of righteousness, a ‘divine judgement’ from God, as a punishment or test (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Novik Morrow 2008, p.6, Turner 2000, p.14, Hays 1998, pp.15,28,36). Hays (1998, p.30) states that the ideas of the cause and cure of disease during the Middle Ages although coexisting uncomfortably included God’s will, contagion, individual responsibility and morality, heredity along with the ‘interaction of cultural beliefs and expectations’. By the Renaissance religion was still very influential. With the emergence of physicians, scientists and other academics explanations based on belief, religion and superstition were challenged. Reason and rational thought allowed for basic scientific investigation into the development and nature of disease. Poverty, poor sanitation, filth and overcrowding were a major part in the spread of disease and continued into the enlightenment (Fleming Parker 2012, p.29, Turner 2000, p.14, Hays 1998, p.89). Eventually a decline of religious, superstitious and monarchical dogma, gave way to scientific thinking during the Enlightenment, encouraging speculation and debate regarding the possible cause and cure of disease. Many beliefs coexisted, miasmic, contagious and Galenic theories but there were others (Hays 1998, p.130). With infectious disease as the principle cause of mortality and morbidity, science had a profound impact on health and medicine. (Yuil 2002, p.22-26). These scientific advances laid the foundations of modern philosophies, questioning the previous traditions. This was the beginning of the medical model of health and its dominance. (Yuil 2002, p.23, Fleming Parker 2012, p.29). .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .postImageUrl , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:visited , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:active { border:0!important; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:active , .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973 .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u606fa7eb0586c67f55fa94bea5c11973:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wireless Technology Security Concept Paper We will write a custom essay on The Ever Changing Concept of Health specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The 19th century was an environmentalist era, from their economic and social ideals rose concerns for health and poverty (Berridge 1999, p.24). Infectious disease continued to be prevalent in both America and Europe, however, debate between contagion and miasmic theories on the cause of disease outbreaks continued. Connections to the influences of health, such as environmental and socio-economic factors were beginning. 19th century London physician John Snow demonstrated the connection between cholera and water when he removed a water pump handle and prevented the further spread of cholera. By 1851, microscopic analysis identified cholera in water supplied by unscrupulous companies. This highlights the conflict faced by public health with the power and profitability of political, legal and vested interests. (Vlahov et al. 2004, p.1134, Krieger 2011, pp.6671, Berridge 1999, p.23, Yuil 2002, p.22 Szreter 2005, p.27-28). This was a time of sanitary reform, the Shattuck Report of 1850 and the 1842 report on sanitary conditions†¦ by Edwin Chadwick, both recognising the connection between the filthy environment, poor sanitation, socio-economic factors and disease. Chadwick believed in the miasma theory and his ‘central premise was that filth breeds sickness, sickness breeds unemployment, a nd unemployment breeds poverty’ (Krieger 2011,p.72). Eventually leading to the Public health act 1848 directing local authorities to provide a sewer system, however, after two decades this had not occurred. From the 1860’s, with the power of the vote, elected civic leaders of a new generation recognised the need for investment in health amenities and social services and significant improvements in health began. (Krieger 2011,p.72, Szreter 2005, p.26-32). Australian legislation and sanitary reforms were based on British models. Although several health acts were passed during the 1800’s and early 1900’s they were ineffective. The initial measures of public health were limited to vaccination and quarantine. History reports there was a failure to acknowledge the reality of high infant mortality, typhoid, smallpox and plague epidemics (Bryder 1994, p.314-319). The 1918/19 influenza epidemic following First World War tested commonwealth powers of quarantine and provided the stimulus for of an effective health administration. However the 1920 reformed Department of Public Health was not very successful. The medical profession wielded power with regard to local health reform; being blamed for the failed attempt to reform maternity services. Over the years Doctors refused to co-operate with changes, only agreeing when it kept them in control (Bryder 1994, p.320-322). In the past infectious diseases were the main contributors to morbidity and mortality, although infectious disease such as HIV/AIDS and others need attention, the post war shift of the 20th and 21st centuries to chronic illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes, the principle causality is social, specifically, an unhealthy lifestyle (Yuil 2002, p.24). A multidisciplinary team of Allied health professionals are best placed to helping those with chronic disease. The 1974 Lalode report identified the determinants of health as lifestyle, environment, human biology and health care services. The dominant medical model of health has a biological basis, simplistically; no illness or disease equals health (Fleming Parker 2012), however this is changing as the World Health Organisation (WHO) takes a holistic view and defines health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being rather than a mere absence of disease or infirmity’ (World Health Organisation 1947). The emergence of health promotion has inspired changes in approach to health. The 1986 Ottawa charter, a foundational document for health promotion, recognises ‘health and its maintenance as a major social investment and challenge’. Raphael (1998) states ‘Health promotion is an ethical and principled discipline; it is because of its values-based approach that it is effective’. History shows that there is no direct link between economic growth and positive repercussions on health. While necessary, economic growth needs other factors such as political, social, and cultural, to transform the wealth created into improved health for the populace (Szreter 2005, p.29-30). As quoted in Scally and Womack (2004) of Marx and Engels ‘that ‘‘History does nothing, it †¦ fights no battles. It is †¦ real living man, who does everything†. According to Scally and Womack (2004) reflecting on history allows for the analysis of current practice and challenges, which can help professionals in questioning that which isn’t appropriate or applicable, for example a lesson learnt from history is the recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard. I have argued that attention to the achievements and failures of the historical concepts of health, equips allied health professionals with an opportunity to objectively decide which of these practices have relevance or are useful in developing new approaches for positive health outcomes. .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .postImageUrl , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:visited , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:active { border:0!important; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:active , .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc2c14c5c9a4692d49526ebe11ae025da:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Self as a Writing Concept EssayWorks Cited Berridge, V 1999, ‘History in Public Health: a New Development for History?’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol.1, no.1, pp.23–35, viewed 12 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0441205 Berridge, V Gorsky, M 2004, ‘The importance of the past in public Health’, Journal Epidemiology Community Health, vol.58, no.9, pp.728–729, (online Discover it @CQUniversity Library). Berridge, V 2010, ‘Thinking in time: does health policy need history as evidence?’, The Lancet, vol.375, March 6, pp.798-799, viewed 26 March 2012, http://www.thelancet.com Bryder, L 1994, ‘Chapter 8: A new world? Two hundred years of public health in Australia and New Zealand’, in Porter, D (ed), The history of public health and the modern state , Editions Rodopi B. V, Amsterdam Atlanta, GA, CQUniversity course resources online (HLTH11027). Cipolla, CM1992, Miasmas and disease: public health and the environment in the pre-industrial age, e-book, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Flemming, ML Parker, E 2012, Introduction to public health, 2nd edn, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, Australia, Chatswood. Irwin, A Scali, E 2007, ‘Action on the social determinants of health: A historical perspective’, Global Public Health, vol. 2, no.3 pp.235-256, (online Discover it @ CQUniversity Library). Hays,JN 2009, The burdens of disease: epidemics and human response in western history, e-book, Rutgers University Press, New Jersey, United States, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Henderson-Wilson, C 2012, ‘Chapter 12: Health as a social construct’, in Liamputtong, P, Fanany, R Verrinder, G (eds), Health, Illness, and Well-being: perspectives and social determinants, pp.195-212, Oxford University Press, Australia, South Melbourne, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Krieger, N 2011, Epidemiology and the people’s health: theory and context, e-book, Oxford University Press inc, New York, available at http://190.25.230.148:8080//index.php?phocadownloaddownload Lalonde, M 1974, ‘A new perspective on the health of Canadians: a working document’, Canadian Government, viewed 14 April 2012, http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/index-eng.php Lewis, MJ 2003, ‘Toward a social conception of health’, in M Lewis The People’s Health: public health in Australia, 1950 to the Present, pp. 1-9, Contributions in Medical Studies, vol.2, no.49, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Naidoo, J Wills, J 2000, Health promotion: Foundations for practice, e-book, Baillià ¨re Tindall, Elsevier, Edinburgh, available at http://books.google.com.au/ Naidoo, J Wills, J 2009, ‘Chapter 2: Influences on health’, in Naidoo, J and Wills, J, Foundations for health promotion, pp.17-33, 3rd edn, Baillià ¨re Tindall, Elsevier, Edinburgh, CQUniversity Course Resources Online (HLTH11027). Novik, LF, Morrow, CB 2008, ‘Chapter 1: Defining public health: historical and contemporary developments’, in Novik, LF, Morrow, CB and Mays, GP, Public health administration: principles for population-based management, 2nd edn, pp1-34, Jones and Bartlett publishers inc, London, available at http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763738425/38425_00FM_i_xxiv.pdf. O’Donnell, MP 2009, ‘Editors Notes’, American Journal of Health Promotion, vol.24, no.1, p.iv, (online Discover it @ CQuniversity). Porter, D 1999, ‘Changing Definitions of the History of Public Health’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol.1 no.1, pp.9–21, viewed 3 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.00119 Raphael, D 1998, ‘Public health responses to health inequalities’, Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol.89, no.6, pp.380-381, viewed 14 April 2012, http://journal.cpha.ca/index.php/cjph/article/view/1135/1135 Scally, G Womack, J 2004, ‘The importance of the past in public health’, Journal Epidemiology Community Health, vol.58, no.9, pp.751–755, (online Discover it @ CQUniversity Library). Szreter, S 2004, ‘Health, Economy, State and Society in Modern Britain’, Hygiea Internationalis, vol. 4, no.1, pp.205–227, viewed 3 April 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.0441205 Szreter, S 2005, ‘Chapter 2: The population health Approach in historical Perspective’ in S Szreter, Health and wealth: studies in history and policy pp.21–45, University of Rochester Press, Woodbridge, CQUniversity course resources online (HLTH11027). Taylor, S, Foster, M Fleming, J (eds) 2010, Health care practice in Australia: policy, context and innovations, Oxford University Press, Australia, South Melbourne. Tountas, Y 2009, ‘The historical origins of the basic concepts of health promotion and education: the role of ancient Greek philosophy and medicine’, Health Promotion International, vol.24, no.2, pp.185-192, viewed 15 April 2012, http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/ Turner, BS 2000, ‘The history of the changing concepts of health and illness: outline of a general model of illness categories’ in GL, Albrecht, R, Fitzpatrick, SC, Scrimshaw (ed). 2003, The handbook of social studies of health and medicine, pp. 9-23, Sage publications, London, available at http://books.google.com.au Veith, I 1980, ‘Changing concepts of health care: An historians View’ Western Journal Medicine, vol.133, no.6, pp.532-538 Vlahov, D, Gibble, E, Freudenberg, N Galea, S 2004, ‘Cities and Health: history, Approaches, Academic medicine, vol.79, no.12 World Health Organization (WHO) 1986, The Ottawa charter for health promotion, Ottawa: Canadian Public Health Association. http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf Yuil, C 2002, ‘Concepts of health and medicine’ in Barry, A and Yuil, C 2008, Understanding the sociology of health: an introduction 2nd ed, pp.22-33, Sage publications Ltd, London, available at http://books.google.com.au

Personality and Emotional Development

Personality and Emotional Development Personal development of every child is as important as acquisition of scientific facts and learning of the basic laws of the universe. Ability of a person to apply social-emotional skills in adulthood can be considered as a positive contribution of the system of education to it. Positive social development in a wider range of social roles and responsibilities of an individual can be reached through such personal skills and capabilities as leadership, respect to others, non-abusive behavior, and ability to negotiate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Emotional Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An individual should respect others, be able to negotiate over certain issues, avoid verbal and physical abuse to persuade a person or display his/her emotions or ideas, and try to succeed in all activities he/she participates in. as such, all abovementioned skills can be analyzed in complex with regard to their close connection to each other. Family environment can be as encouraging as discouraging in terms of development of social-emotional skills of children. As such, the best qualities of the family environment that can positively contribute to the development of social-emotional skills in children include the following: Encouragement of initiatives and leadership skills in children can make them be more independent and active in their activities; Respect for decisions of children as well as other adults in the family is the key quality to developing of respect and non-abusive behavior in children; Discussion of problems openly is aimed at making children not afraid of having their own ideas and making decisions in accordance with the viewpoints of other members of the family. If parents notice some changes in the behavior of their children, they should be ready to discuss it openly within the family and with the teacher. At the same time, family environment can have negative effect on development of social-emotional skills. In this respect, the qualities that can inhibit the child’s development for a range of roles and responsibilities in society include lack of respect in the family to the opinion of other members. This can be seen through prohibitions and denial of a child’s own will when parents tend to decide what is ‘better’ for their children. Existence of this quality in the family may prevent a child from obtaining such social –emotional skills as leadership and ability to negotiate because he/she is taught at home to have no personal viewpoints. On the other hand, such quality as verbal or physical abuse can prevent a child from respective adults in general and those who can resemble the one who makes the child suffer from abusing. Moreover, a child can treat abusing as a norm of behavior and use it as an argument when he/she can see no chance for peaceful negotiation. In addition, physical and verbal abuse ca n be the reason for a number of other problems in a child’s development. Classroom environment can be really encouraging for students in terms of development of their social-emotional skills that can be further applied to a wider range of roles and responsibilities. For instance, a teacher can introduce group activities so that children could practice their leadership skills and show respect in reaching an agreement while working on the assignments.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As suggested by Slaving et al. (2003), â€Å"cooperative learning activities can be planned with groups of children at different levels who can help each other learn† (cited in Slavin, 2009, p. 46). Besides, a teacher can â€Å"create rules in the classroom that recognize positive behavior, such as co-operation, caring, helping, encouragement and support† (Elias, 2003, p. 8). At the same time, another positive quality of the classroom environment that can contribute to development of social-emotional skills is relationship between students and attitude of the teacher toward interest groups and encouraging students to make friends. Classroom environment can become the reason for problems a child encounters in terms of social-emotional development. For instance, if a teacher does not care about the relationship between classmates, children can behave in a negative manner affecting others and preventing each other from making progress. Besides, a teacher can negatively affect children in case he/she show disrespect for one of student or another teacher thus showing a vivid example. Probably, students would follow such an example and disrespecting people with no reason and abusing them verbally or physically to show them superiority would become a norm. Such theorists as Erik Erickson and Maurice Elias have contributed greatly to understanding the necessity of developing social-emotional skills of children. For instance, Erik Erickson introduced a number of virtues that can be developed in a specific age; as such, competence is one of the virtues that can be developed in the age of 6-11 years and a teacher should make sure that no child feels inferior when comparing himself/herself to other children in class. At the same time, Maurice Elias presented explanation of emotional intelligence, a concept that can be seen when people try to respect each other and negotiate to reach and agreement. References Elias, M. J. (2003). Academic and social learning. Brussels, Belgium: International Academy of Education. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Personality and Emotional Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Slavin, R. E. (2009). Educational psychology theory and practice (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Applying Marxism to contemporary issues of work and employment

Marx’s ideas of ownership of production, alienation and power relationships may play a key role in explaining contemporary issues in work and employment such as lack of job security, having a voice within the workplace and discrimination. As stated in â€Å"The workplace and social democracy in the post-crisis age†, the financial crisis and recession have caused a change in attitudes towards employment relationships. More now than ever employees worry about job security. Marx belonged to a period of industrial society, whereby factories had thousands of employees all under one authoritative figure, the Boss or Manager. Job Security in this era was not a massive issue as it is now in contemporary times. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 1999 published the results of Job Insecurity and Work Intensification survey and showed that job insecurity had steadily been rising since the second world war. The majority of job insecurity lay in the manufacturing industries and blue-collar workers during the 1970’s and 1980#s but at the beginning of the 1990’s professional and managerial workers had their first great exposure to job insecurity. The information age which we now live in has cost many civil servant s their jobs, due to streamlining of systems through computer technology. White collar workers were much less prepared for the changes affecting their occupation. Because redundancy had never occurred to these workers before, the idea of unemployment caused most to experience anxiety and insecurities. Some argue this is an overreaction when compared to the bigger issue of insecurity experienced by the working classes (Giddens, 2009). Anxieties from job insecurities can lead to â€Å"loss of control† and a link has been made between job insecurity and poor overall health (Burchell et al, 1996). This feeling of helplessness against impending unemployment can be explained by Marx’s theory of alienation. Blauner (1964) argued that the introduction of automation to factories has reduced worker alienation. Automation has helped to â€Å"integrate the workforce and gave workers a sense of control over their work that had been lacking with other forms of technology†. E vidently having a sense of ownership towards your work and feeling part of a community diminishes alienation and in turn will diminish any sense of job insecurity: as workers will feel their role within the workplace is needed. Richard Sennett (1998) conducted a study of workers in a bakery which had an automated high-tech production line. Ironically none of the workers were actually bakers but workers trained in how to use the machinery, but only how to use the machinery. The â€Å"bakers† had no physical contact with the bread at any point. Computers decided every aspect of the baking process. However, despite the workers being skilled with computers, not one was trained in how to fix the computers when they broke, causing massive disruption amongst the production line. Sennett found that the workers wanted to be useful and fix the computers but did not because the automation had destroyed their autonomy. Computer technology within the workplace has not only led to an incre ase in workers’ skills but also a group of clerical, service and production workers who lack autonomy in their jobs, are alienated from their work, and lack job security. Another issue concerning work and employment in the UK currently is the movement of work. In a bid for maximum profit, some companies have moved the work from its country of origin to developing countries, where the work is cheaper. Now British companies such as Primark and Matalan have been accused of exploiting workers in these other countries because of their extremely low pricing. It is widely known that transnational factories in developing countries use sweatshop conditions, child labour and pay exploitative rates of pay. Any codes of conduct put in place are either sneakily avoided or completely disregarded altogether: â€Å"research consistently revealed an inadequate, if not poor, level of integration of CSR and Code compliance responsibilities in the internal structure of MNEs and suppliers† (ILO, 2003). However, as wrong as we may think this is, it could be argued that there has just been a shift in location of exploitation. Marx argued that the bourgeoisie, or the owners of production, exploited workers during the period of feudalism. Society was divided into peasants who worked on the land and nobles who were paid in terms of both crops and labour in return for protection, during this period wages were practically unheard of. For Marx, owning land and being able to take food from peasants if fundamentally different from being a peasant working on the land. Peasants (according to Marx) were a group with shared interests and attitudes and nobles were another. This still applies to today’s world of transnational corporations (TNCs). TNCs open factories in developing countries where cheaper labour can be found. The motives between TNCs and nobles are not all that dissimilar. Although TNCs have the resources to choose where to place their factories, such as technology, money and power, whereas nobles were born into a position of power and had no desire to move as they were meant to serve a duty to protect the fundamental relationship betw een owner and producer are still the same. Nobles wanted to extract maximum surplus and gain power, peasants wanted to be free or at the very least have more to eat. The introduction of towns and technology created a possibility for â€Å"free† labour it actually only led to new classes such as bankers and guilders and thus created new conflicts. In modern day society Marx’s theory of class conflict and exploitation is still relevant. TNCs take the role of the nobles or the owner of production and sweatshop workers take the role of peasants, exploited for their cheap labour in order for the TNCs to gain maximum profit and inevitable more power. Increasing intensity of international competition, particularly from Far Eastern countries, where wages are lower, weakens unions’ bargaining power (Western, 1997). In the early development of modern industry, workers had little or no political rights and very little influence over the conditions of work in which they were employed. Unions were developed in order to restore this imbalance of power between workers and their employees. Through Unions workers influence within the workplace was considerably increased. Originally, unions were set up as defensive organizations; workers could stop any overwhelming power that employers enforced on workers’ daily lives. Now, workers have negotiating rights with employers (which means they can press for economic benefits and any problems within the workplace can be discussed). Unions have essentially enabled workers to have a voice within the workplace and in turn have helped the working classes battle through their struggle with the bourgeoisie, as Marx highlighted. â€Å"Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of modern industry, the proletariat is its special and essential product.† Marx depicted the working classes as in a constant resistance to acquire a voice/power and the introduction of Unions, especially the dramatic influence Unions gained after the second world war, has made this a possibility. However, alongside international competition, there are several other factors that have created a fall in union density within industries. High levels of unemployment due to recession in the world economic activity, particularly during the 1980s has weakened the bargaining power of labour and the introduction of right-wing governments such as Margaret Thatcher in 1979 led to an aggressive assault on unions throughout the 1980s. These attacks on unions can be seen replicated in the recent conservative coalition government as well. But possibly the most prominent of union failings was seen during the National Union of Minors strike in the UK in 1984-5. Marx believed that â€Å"the proletariat †¦ is a revolutionary class† and that at some point the working classes would rise against the owners of production. However, this is unlikely to occur any time soon. Union membership has declined considerably in industrialized countries and right-wing governments are not the only source of blame. High unemployment and more flexible production decrease the force of unionism (unionism works well when many people work together in large factories and there is a collective atmosphere). Having considered this though, Unions are highly unlikely to disappear. Workers individually have very little say or power when it comes to their employment and rely heavily on unions to provide this type of support. The collective strength that unions give t o workers enables the proletariat to carry on with their struggle against the bourgeoisie and as long as unions continue to work hard in stabilizing their position within the economic and political sphere then trade unions are likely to be here to stay. However, the chances of their ever being an uprising as Marx has suggested in his writings is dubious. Dwindling memberships to unions suggest people are losing faith in union support and this implies that workers have almost given up in their â€Å"struggle†. One of the aims of unions is to eradicate discrimination within the workforce. Discrimination in the workplace has always been a recurring issue. Gender divisions within the workplace have never been eradicated, nor has ethnicity (not fully anyway). Divisions of labour between genders have been evident in humanity for thousands of years. Inequality in modern day society is seen as wrong. From an economic view point not making use of everyone’s maximum potential regardless of their gender, class or ethnicity is wasteful. From a Marxist perspective, societies that have inequality will suffer. But for women, it can be questionable if women are in the job market at allWomen suffer from a dual burden (Young, 2000). In modern society women are expected to maintain a job whilst dealing with domestic chores and childcare. Because of these responsibilities thrust upon women, women are more likely to be found in certain job sectors which tend to be low in status. Women are more likely t o be found in â€Å"poor quality† jobs (part time, temporary, low pay, long hours, unpleasant, few benefits). Again this seems unlikely to be choice (or not â€Å"free† choice) but some have argued that these jobs reflect women’s preference for jobs compatible with home life and child care. Marxist feminists argue that men benefit from family life at the expense of women. Women as mothers are pressured by culture to have children and to take time out of the labour market to bring them up. These children become the workforce of the future at little or no expense to the capitalist class. This also benefits men, because it means that women cannot compete on a level playing field for jobs or promotion opportunities if their first priority is looking after children. But this male dominance is not universal. Some men are even discriminated against in the workforce due to their class or ethnicity. Factors such as language skills intervene causing racial preferences wit hin the workplace. The â€Å"job application culture† we live in requires individuals to give off first impressions that dazzle, however many companies look for image or whether you would â€Å"fit† in to the company. Not having UK qualifications may make applications harder (if an employer does not recognise a level of qualification he is likely to disregard it). Ethnic minority groups come under discrimination, however not all the time and not everywhere. In some companies whereby international relations are crucial to their business, languages skills may come in useful. But still discrimination occurs, whether it is gendered or ethnic. Arguably not making full use of a persons’ skill is wasteful. Economically it should not matter who a person is or what a person looks like for a job to get done. And Marx, in this instance, is correct in stating that not making full potential of every worker will cause society to suffer. Not just at the level of the company, b ut also at the level of the individual. Bibliography: Blauner, R. (1964) Alienation and Freedom (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) Burchell, B. Et. al (1996) â€Å"Job Insecurity and Work intensification: Flexibility and the Changing boundaries of work† (York: YPS ILO (2003) â€Å"Business and code of conduct implementation: how firms use management systems for social performance† (Geneva: ILO), mimeo Jameson, H. 22 March 2011, â€Å"The Workplace and social democracy in the post-crisis age†, Policy Network, http://www.policy-network.net/articles/3981/The-workplace-and-social-democracy-in-the-post-crisis-age, Accessed 25th March 2011 Marx, K. Communist Manifesto. Sennett, R. (1998) The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism (London: Norton) Western, B. (1997) Between classes and market: Postwar Unionization in the Capitalist Democracies (Princeton: Princeton University Press) or put poshly – appropriate the fruits of our labour but here is the problem according to marx in the evil capitalist system the capitalist (the factory owner) pay the exchange value of labour for an individuals service which is only enough to keep him alive but the capitalist gets the use value of his labour (the total value of the labour) or put poshly – appropriate the fruits of our labour but here is the problem according to marx in the evil capitalist system the capitalist (the factory owner) pay the exchange value of labour for an individuals service which is only enough to keep him alive but the capitalist gets the use value of his labour (the total value of the labour) Applying Marxism to contemporary issues of work and employment Marx’s ideas of ownership of production, alienation and power relationships may play a key role in explaining contemporary issues in work and employment such as lack of job security, having a voice within the workplace and discrimination. As stated in â€Å"The workplace and social democracy in the post-crisis age†, the financial crisis and recession have caused a change in attitudes towards employment relationships. More now than ever employees worry about job security. Marx belonged to a period of industrial society, whereby factories had thousands of employees all under one authoritative figure, the Boss or Manager. Job Security in this era was not a massive issue as it is now in contemporary times. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 1999 published the results of Job Insecurity and Work Intensification survey and showed that job insecurity had steadily been rising since the second world war. The majority of job insecurity lay in the manufacturing industries and blue-collar workers during the 1970’s and 1980#s but at the beginning of the 1990’s professional and managerial workers had their first great exposure to job insecurity. The information age which we now live in has cost many civil servant s their jobs, due to streamlining of systems through computer technology. White collar workers were much less prepared for the changes affecting their occupation. Because redundancy had never occurred to these workers before, the idea of unemployment caused most to experience anxiety and insecurities. Some argue this is an overreaction when compared to the bigger issue of insecurity experienced by the working classes (Giddens, 2009). Anxieties from job insecurities can lead to â€Å"loss of control† and a link has been made between job insecurity and poor overall health (Burchell et al, 1996). This feeling of helplessness against impending unemployment can be explained by Marx’s theory of alienation. Blauner (1964) argued that the introduction of automation to factories has reduced worker alienation. Automation has helped to â€Å"integrate the workforce and gave workers a sense of control over their work that had been lacking with other forms of technology†. E vidently having a sense of ownership towards your work and feeling part of a community diminishes alienation and in turn will diminish any sense of job insecurity: as workers will feel their role within the workplace is needed. Richard Sennett (1998) conducted a study of workers in a bakery which had an automated high-tech production line. Ironically none of the workers were actually bakers but workers trained in how to use the machinery, but only how to use the machinery. The â€Å"bakers† had no physical contact with the bread at any point. Computers decided every aspect of the baking process. However, despite the workers being skilled with computers, not one was trained in how to fix the computers when they broke, causing massive disruption amongst the production line. Sennett found that the workers wanted to be useful and fix the computers but did not because the automation had destroyed their autonomy. Computer technology within the workplace has not only led to an incre ase in workers’ skills but also a group of clerical, service and production workers who lack autonomy in their jobs, are alienated from their work, and lack job security. Another issue concerning work and employment in the UK currently is the movement of work. In a bid for maximum profit, some companies have moved the work from its country of origin to developing countries, where the work is cheaper. Now British companies such as Primark and Matalan have been accused of exploiting workers in these other countries because of their extremely low pricing. It is widely known that transnational factories in developing countries use sweatshop conditions, child labour and pay exploitative rates of pay. Any codes of conduct put in place are either sneakily avoided or completely disregarded altogether: â€Å"research consistently revealed an inadequate, if not poor, level of integration of CSR and Code compliance responsibilities in the internal structure of MNEs and suppliers† (ILO, 2003). However, as wrong as we may think this is, it could be argued that there has just been a shift in location of exploitation. Marx argued that the bourgeoisie, or the owners of production, exploited workers during the period of feudalism. Society was divided into peasants who worked on the land and nobles who were paid in terms of both crops and labour in return for protection, during this period wages were practically unheard of. For Marx, owning land and being able to take food from peasants if fundamentally different from being a peasant working on the land. Peasants (according to Marx) were a group with shared interests and attitudes and nobles were another. This still applies to today’s world of transnational corporations (TNCs). TNCs open factories in developing countries where cheaper labour can be found. The motives between TNCs and nobles are not all that dissimilar. Although TNCs have the resources to choose where to place their factories, such as technology, money and power, whereas nobles were born into a position of power and had no desire to move as they were meant to serve a duty to protect the fundamental relationship betw een owner and producer are still the same. Nobles wanted to extract maximum surplus and gain power, peasants wanted to be free or at the very least have more to eat. The introduction of towns and technology created a possibility for â€Å"free† labour it actually only led to new classes such as bankers and guilders and thus created new conflicts. In modern day society Marx’s theory of class conflict and exploitation is still relevant. TNCs take the role of the nobles or the owner of production and sweatshop workers take the role of peasants, exploited for their cheap labour in order for the TNCs to gain maximum profit and inevitable more power. Increasing intensity of international competition, particularly from Far Eastern countries, where wages are lower, weakens unions’ bargaining power (Western, 1997). In the early development of modern industry, workers had little or no political rights and very little influence over the conditions of work in which they were employed. Unions were developed in order to restore this imbalance of power between workers and their employees. Through Unions workers influence within the workplace was considerably increased. Originally, unions were set up as defensive organizations; workers could stop any overwhelming power that employers enforced on workers’ daily lives. Now, workers have negotiating rights with employers (which means they can press for economic benefits and any problems within the workplace can be discussed). Unions have essentially enabled workers to have a voice within the workplace and in turn have helped the working classes battle through their struggle with the bourgeoisie, as Marx highlighted. â€Å"Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of modern industry, the proletariat is its special and essential product.† Marx depicted the working classes as in a constant resistance to acquire a voice/power and the introduction of Unions, especially the dramatic influence Unions gained after the second world war, has made this a possibility. However, alongside international competition, there are several other factors that have created a fall in union density within industries. High levels of unemployment due to recession in the world economic activity, particularly during the 1980s has weakened the bargaining power of labour and the introduction of right-wing governments such as Margaret Thatcher in 1979 led to an aggressive assault on unions throughout the 1980s. These attacks on unions can be seen replicated in the recent conservative coalition government as well. But possibly the most prominent of union failings was seen during the National Union of Minors strike in the UK in 1984-5. Marx believed that â€Å"the proletariat †¦ is a revolutionary class† and that at some point the working classes would rise against the owners of production. However, this is unlikely to occur any time soon. Union membership has declined considerably in industrialized countries and right-wing governments are not the only source of blame. High unemployment and more flexible production decrease the force of unionism (unionism works well when many people work together in large factories and there is a collective atmosphere). Having considered this though, Unions are highly unlikely to disappear. Workers individually have very little say or power when it comes to their employment and rely heavily on unions to provide this type of support. The collective strength that unions give t o workers enables the proletariat to carry on with their struggle against the bourgeoisie and as long as unions continue to work hard in stabilizing their position within the economic and political sphere then trade unions are likely to be here to stay. However, the chances of their ever being an uprising as Marx has suggested in his writings is dubious. Dwindling memberships to unions suggest people are losing faith in union support and this implies that workers have almost given up in their â€Å"struggle†. One of the aims of unions is to eradicate discrimination within the workforce. Discrimination in the workplace has always been a recurring issue. Gender divisions within the workplace have never been eradicated, nor has ethnicity (not fully anyway). Divisions of labour between genders have been evident in humanity for thousands of years. Inequality in modern day society is seen as wrong. From an economic view point not making use of everyone’s maximum potential regardless of their gender, class or ethnicity is wasteful. From a Marxist perspective, societies that have inequality will suffer. But for women, it can be questionable if women are in the job market at allWomen suffer from a dual burden (Young, 2000). In modern society women are expected to maintain a job whilst dealing with domestic chores and childcare. Because of these responsibilities thrust upon women, women are more likely to be found in certain job sectors which tend to be low in status. Women are more likely t o be found in â€Å"poor quality† jobs (part time, temporary, low pay, long hours, unpleasant, few benefits). Again this seems unlikely to be choice (or not â€Å"free† choice) but some have argued that these jobs reflect women’s preference for jobs compatible with home life and child care. Marxist feminists argue that men benefit from family life at the expense of women. Women as mothers are pressured by culture to have children and to take time out of the labour market to bring them up. These children become the workforce of the future at little or no expense to the capitalist class. This also benefits men, because it means that women cannot compete on a level playing field for jobs or promotion opportunities if their first priority is looking after children. But this male dominance is not universal. Some men are even discriminated against in the workforce due to their class or ethnicity. Factors such as language skills intervene causing racial preferences wit hin the workplace. The â€Å"job application culture† we live in requires individuals to give off first impressions that dazzle, however many companies look for image or whether you would â€Å"fit† in to the company. Not having UK qualifications may make applications harder (if an employer does not recognise a level of qualification he is likely to disregard it). Ethnic minority groups come under discrimination, however not all the time and not everywhere. In some companies whereby international relations are crucial to their business, languages skills may come in useful. But still discrimination occurs, whether it is gendered or ethnic. Arguably not making full use of a persons’ skill is wasteful. Economically it should not matter who a person is or what a person looks like for a job to get done. And Marx, in this instance, is correct in stating that not making full potential of every worker will cause society to suffer. Not just at the level of the company, b ut also at the level of the individual. Bibliography: Blauner, R. (1964) Alienation and Freedom (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press) Burchell, B. Et. al (1996) â€Å"Job Insecurity and Work intensification: Flexibility and the Changing boundaries of work† (York: YPS ILO (2003) â€Å"Business and code of conduct implementation: how firms use management systems for social performance† (Geneva: ILO), mimeo Jameson, H. 22 March 2011, â€Å"The Workplace and social democracy in the post-crisis age†, Policy Network, http://www.policy-network.net/articles/3981/The-workplace-and-social-democracy-in-the-post-crisis-age, Accessed 25th March 2011 Marx, K. Communist Manifesto. Sennett, R. (1998) The corrosion of character: The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism (London: Norton) Western, B. (1997) Between classes and market: Postwar Unionization in the Capitalist Democracies (Princeton: Princeton University Press) or put poshly – appropriate the fruits of our labour but here is the problem according to marx in the evil capitalist system the capitalist (the factory owner) pay the exchange value of labour for an individuals service which is only enough to keep him alive but the capitalist gets the use value of his labour (the total value of the labour) or put poshly – appropriate the fruits of our labour but here is the problem according to marx in the evil capitalist system the capitalist (the factory owner) pay the exchange value of labour for an individuals service which is only enough to keep him alive but the capitalist gets the use value of his labour (the total value of the labour)

Financial Analysis for Thorntons Plc Assignment

Financial Analysis for Thorntons Plc - Assignment Example Based on the performance ratios computed, Thorntons' profitability is declining together with its ability to turn revenue into profit. However, the company shows improvement in efficiency evidenced by the declining inventory, debtors' and creditors' ratio. Thortons' current assets are able all its immediate obligation yet most of its liquid assets are tied up in inventory. The company is able to service its interest expense through its operating income. Thorntons' is more dependent on creditors in financing its resources. As an investment, the company's stocks might be unattractive due to the declining earnings per share and return on equity. For a competitor, Thorntons might not post a formidable threat. Supplier will find the company a good customer because of its liquidity and improved creditors' ratio. For a customer, the reduction in inventory ratio might signal less possibility for spoilage. For a potential acquirer, Thorntons might be a good target but still needs a good management for improvement. Financial management is very much essential in ensuring the health and well being of a business organization. Business finance, in the simplest sense, is concerned with the goal of a firm to maximize shareholder value (Keown, et. al. 2004). It should be noted that finance is all about managing the financial resources of a business entity into those opportunities which will yield maximum value for stockholder's wealth. This involves generating cash in order to support the operations of the company and choosing among competing ends of investment opportunities present in the market. Horngren, et al. (2002, pp. 6) defines accounting as the "information system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates the results to decision makers." Accounting is generally classified into fields according to the intended users of financial data. Financial accounting focuses on providing information for people outside the firm like creditors and outside investors. Management accounting on the other hand focuses on giving internal decision makers information which aids them in making financial and operational strategies (Horngren, et al. 2002). Accounting and business finance are closely interrelated. The business arena often refers to accounting as "the language of business" implying that a better understanding of the accounting language will aid making better financial decisions (Horngren et al. 2002). Thus, in general, accounting is a prerequisite in understanding the important concepts used in financial accounting. Basic knowledge in accounting is imperative in understanding finance. As stated earlier, concepts which are commonly used in accounting appears in financial management. For instance, a company which needs to determine the profitability of an investment needs to be acquainted with the effects of different transactions on the income statement of the business organization. With this, knowledge in accounting becomes imperative for financial managers. Accounting acquaints individuals with

Analyze a Religious Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze a Religious Song - Essay Example Rogers was right when he observed that the song contained so much of the personal experiences of the composer himself; for him, John Newton himself was â€Å"the self-proclaimed wretch who once was lost but then was found, saved by amazing grace† (Rogers). Many who love the song do so for its melodious tone even though the origin of the melody is unknown. However, it is commonly agreed that the song resembles ancient American folk melodies sung by the slaves. ‘Amazing Grace’ can be regarded as one of the finest hymns of the time. Hymns are religious songs that praise, adore and offer prayers to any deity or deities. As such, one can notice that the whole song is a Hymn praying God to shower His grace and blessings on the blind humans and to lead man safely. The song can be best understood as an invocation by a devotee who confesses his sins and believes in God’s unending mercy. It was God’s grace that led the devotee through â€Å"many dangers, toil s and snares† and it is the same grace of God that offers him hope now. Similarly, he believes that God’s grace can relieve him from all sorts of fears and he trusts in God’s promise. ... The song is usually sung in chorus with instrumental accompaniment and the melody of the song touches the heart of the listener. In fact, the song can be categorized as a Canata. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Canata as â€Å"a composition for one or more voices usually comprising solos, duets, recitatives, and choruses and sung to an instrumental accompaniment† (Cantata-Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary). ‘Amazing Grace’ also is sung in different voices and in various parts of the world the song is rendered with solos and choruses and as recitatives. Similarly, the rhyming words (end rhymes) such as me-see, sound-found, fear-appear, relieved-believed etc add to the beauty of the song and makes it heartfelt to the hearer as well as the singer. Similarly, a close analysis of the song convinces one that it has strophic song form. A strophic song is conceived as â€Å"a type of song that has the same melody (tune) but different lyr ics (words) for each stanza (strophe)† (Estrella). One can very well see that each of the stanzas in the poem maintain the same tone even though the lyrics vary from one strophe to another. Certain strophic songs do have a refrain that is repeated at the end of each verse. Similarly, there are many today who use the first strophe of the song after each of the other stanzas. Very often, strophic forms are widely being employed for carols, hymns and folk songs and the ‘Amazing Grace’ has the qualities of all the three. These strophic characteristics of ‘Amazing Grace’ have also led to the popular appeal for the song. It is also worthwhile to compare ‘Amazing Grace’ with other similar religious songs. There have been a number of popular religious songs such as â€Å"From First Mass for

Quantitative Risk Assessment Essay Example for Free

Quantitative Risk Assessment Essay For the project of redesigning packing for the Canadian market, quantitative risk assessment plays an important role. Quantitative risk assessment is, â€Å"A process for assigning a numeric value to the probability of loss based on known risks and available, objective data†¦ used to determine potential direct and indirect costs to the company based on values assigned to company assets and their exposure to risk† (InvestorWords.com, 2014). For this particular project, quantitative risk assessment will be useful in determining not only which are areas of potential risk, but also to what degree these risks may affect the overall integrity of the project. Revised Project Background The project of the redesign of packaging for the Canadian market currently consists of four different product lines including Dial, Tone, Right Guard, and Dry Idea, and consists of over 50 variants spanning the four lines. Each new packaging design is independent of every other thus there exists no interdependency from design to the next. Each design observes a similar path consisting of initial review of changes, alterations, and additions by management, marketing, and the design team, initial layout of established changes by the design team followed by a first round review of changes by marketing, legal, management and compliance. If additional changes are required, a second round of design and review is implemented up to two additional rounds as needed. Upon successful acknowledgement of new designs, the artwork is then sent to our preproduction team for development to printer-ready artwork. Once completed, the artwork is sent to a third party production house for mockups to be created to be sent to the parent  company in Germany for final approval. If any designs are rejected (and they never are), commentary from Germany is implemented into further redesign and the process is restarted. Upon approval from Germany, artwork is submitted to the printer. Printer will then submit print-ready, color-calibrated proofs for final approval. Proofs are reviewed by management for final approval before actual printing. Once printed, packaging is sent to a fulfillment house to have labels applied to containers and filled with product or have wraps applied to soap bars. Upon completion of fulfillment, finished product is shipped to various holding facilities in Canada for final disposition. As previously stated, project will span eight months from inception to final delivery. Risk Identification Framework Management Delays: As the majority of the work for this project involves objective changes and adjustments to existing packaging, the first phase, initial review by management, involves nominal risk. Management will evaluate and select which products will receive updated treatment for inclusion into the Canadian market. Once the products are selected, management has no further involvement outside of potential cancellations of various packaging designs or their requested involvement during a particular phase of completion. Design Delays: As this project includes approximately 50 variants of packaging including labels and wraps, production must be coordinated to allow for enough time for completion of initial layouts and any necessary revisions, while taking into consideration the design needs and time constrains on the design team from other departments and for other projects running concurrently. While the project has a timeline of eight months, final design layouts must be approved and ready for preproduction within the first four months of the project. The in-house design team will complete the bulk of the design phase of the project, though external design agencies may be utilized if time constraints are threatened. It should be noted that the use of external design agencies would incur additional costs. Also, the design process will require an initial review before being released to the review team for official review, to ensure all parameters have been incorporated. Review Delays: This area constitutes the bulk of all potential delays. While each packaging component is independent of one  another, the review process for each component must be completed sequentially among the review team. There are five departments that will review each design layout and either approve or denote changes. Some of these potential changes are subject to additional changes or cancellations by other departments, meaning the first team may indicate several changes that the third team can then override if the indicated changes are deemed unnecessary. Also, the number of rounds of review may add potential delays to the overall project. Another potential area of delay exists with the timely completion of review by the required departments. Certain key staff may be unavailable to review a packaging design during a given time period. To circumvent potential risks, each member of the review staff will have two alternative staff members capable of reviewing each package design. Should no staff members be available to review, the particular review component is submitted to the manager of the appropriate department for their review. This becomes a last-resort scenario in that traditionally, managers indicate changes that exist outside the scope of the project. Review delays present unique difficulties in that not every team member provides feedback as to their daily availability. Pre-Production and Printing Delays: The preproduction team will transition the artwork from its final design to printer-ready artwork. There is typically no risk for delay in this area. The printer will then produce a final round of art proofs calibrated to their individual presses. One round of revisions is already assumed and build into this process. Additional revisions are not typical though can present a nominal risk. Corporate Delays: While exceeding unusual, corporate can play a small role in delaying a project by canceling one or more packaging designs, adding addition package designs above and beyond what management has previously approved, or by simply delaying the provision of final approval on all finished designed submitted. While these scenarios are unlikely, they do represent the extreme limit of delay-related risk in that they can affect the project for an indeterminate amount of time. Qualified and Quantified Risk Matrix Review Delays Reduce Risk Consistent communication with key reviewers. Engage alternate reviews if primary reviews are unavailable. Enlist managers is alternate reviewers are unavailable. Greater than two days review time by each responsible team member. Project Manager Pre-Production and Printing Delays Reduce Risk Constant communication with pre-production team and printer will reduce or eliminate risks. Buffers in timing are already built into production times. Delays indicated by pre-production team or printer. References Cooper, D. F., Grey, S., Raymond, G., Walker, P. (2005). Project risk management guidelines: Managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. InvestorWords.com. (2014). quantitative risk assessment. Retrieved October 1, 2014, from http://www.investorwords.com/19179/quantitative_risk_assessment.html Loch, C. H., DeMeyer, A., Pich, M. T. (2006). Managing the unknown: A new approach to managing high uncertainty and risk in projects. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Humor in Task-Oriented Group Discussions :: Free Essay Writer

Robinson, Dawn T., Smith-Lovin, Lynn. (2001). Getting A Laugh: Gender, Status, and Humor in Task Discussions*. Social Forces, 80, 123-158. Background and Purpose: The general purpose of this study is to show how humor operates in task-oriented group discussions. The researchers used the opportunity to study the dynamic occurence of humor during group conversations. The researchers are using the functions of humor to come up with ideals about who it is that actually does the joking (male or female), and when and where this joking takes place. The hypothesis suggests an image of joking as dealing with status in a society, the male sex, people who are very participatory and those that are frequent interrupters (or interrupted often themselves) to all show status-related patterns of humor use. The researcher’s further have a theory that if they know about the way people engage in humor, then they will be able to predict who will do so, and in what environment or circumstances. Through various methods and procedures, there were more theories generated dealing with: the content of humor episodes and time dependence. (Findings are found in the Findings /Results section below). Methods and Procedures: To carry this study out, they used event history techniques in order to analyze humor attempts and successes. They did this using groups of 6 people each. They further used their results with their insights on status and emotion to develop a new theory (talked about in the Background and Purpose section above). Once this theory was developed, they examined what they had from the additional data from the group discussions. Many ways that they came up with their findings in the research was by using bar graphs to plot their knowledge. Findings / Results: In looking at the humor episodes, they found that a higher portion of men’s than women’s humor is differentiating, while a higher portion of women’s than men’s humor is cohesion-building. A frequent claim is that men tell more jokes than women and in describing feminine speech style, Robin Lakoff suggested in the abstract that women â€Å"have no sense of humor†, and also that they never effectively tell nor â€Å"get† jokes. They found that the gender/joking difference is noticeable in children by the young age of 6 years old. With time dependence, they found that there was a lot of it in humor use. They note the timing is everything. As far as timing in conversation goes, and the concept of the pressure value (humor releasing pressure/tension), Robinson and Lovin comment that the highest rates of humor then should be during that latter part of the conversation when

BMW case study

Case went UP on BMW BMW is in the midst of implementing changes to increase its sales and improve its Image in the US market. In this phase BMW should target achieving 100,000 units by the year 1 996 in order to hold a competitive place in the US luxury car market. The mall problem BMW is facing in the US market Is poor customer satisfaction Index which Is negatively affecting the brand Image. BMW should concentrate on Improving customer satisfaction by way of investing Into opening Its own exclusive showroomsIn key locations in the US which will serve as an example for other dealers to emulate. By Investing In customer experience of buying and owning a BMW car from Its dealers the company can achieve Its target goal and entrench Itself strongly Into the US luxury car market. The goal BMW should strive to achieve Is to sell 100,000 units by end of the year 1996 which translates to about 10% year on year sales growth from the year 1992. This goal also means BMW gets about 8% market sh are of the luxury automobile sector In the year 1996 considering 3% annual growth rate n the luxury segment.This goal is realistically achievable given that the efforts of the Second Great Opportunity have already started yielding results with a 23% unit sales increase for the year 1992. This is also very important to have this goal in order to keep up the momentum gained by the recent revamped advertising campaigns and strategies implemented. There can be an argument to make the goal as to increase market share to 10% but to achieve this figure the number of unit sales needed is higher than the capacity of BMW to produce vehicles and makes it come close to a ass producer which is clearly not in the Bum's global strategy.The primary impediment to achieving this goal is the abysmal customer satisfaction score of BMW as given by the JDK Power Consumer Satisfaction Survey which is way behind all of the competitors. This is an indication that though the product itself is brilliant the e xperience of buying and owning the car leaves a lot to be desired which directly means lesser sales. It sets a trend of negative feedback on the brand image and impacts sales growth. The other impediment of the introduction the new LincolnContinental Mark VIII model leading to stiffer completion on the sentiments of â€Å"Buy American†, is less of a threat due to the fact that BMW has already started the plan to build a new manufacturing facility in Suppurating , South Carolina, which will be operational by 1995. Buyers of BMW cars as per company records, are from the younger age bracket and are very demanding customers, which directly means that they are harder to satisfy. The primary place of Interaction for a customer Is the dealerships and franchises.They are the face of the company as far as the customer Is concerned and all their experiences of buying and owning a BMW car stems from the dealer they went to. The solution to Improving the customer satisfaction Is best ach ieved by enhancing the dealer experience. The detailed plans laid out by the â€Å"Integrated BMW Network Development Concept† should be Implemented at the earliest and should be the primary area of Investment for BMW. The effort of putting together the ‘Retail Operations Concept' with the detailed ‘Dealer OperatingSystem' (DOS) has already been done but hasn't been fully implemented yet. BMW across US which can serve as the showpiece of how a showroom and dealer should function as laid out by the DOS. This will go a long way into establishing best practices among the dealers and introduce uniformity in customer experience as the other dealers follow the example set by BMW. Also they should audit the existing dealer network and terminate the underperforming dealerships. All this goes a long way towards increasing customer satisfaction which in turn will lead to direct sales increase.