History of Studying Teeth essays

History of Studying Teeth essays This is a thesis analyzing the evolution of teeth. However, the knowledge concerning teeth has evolved quite dramatically. One of the first to scientifically analyze teeth was Pierre Fachard. His book Le Chirurgien Dentiste published in1728 was revolutionary. It was the first book of its kind to be published. Fachards intent in writing this was to make a comprehensive encyclopedia on everything known in dentistry from how to treat diseases, preventative care, even the best way to seat a person in a dental chair. This was also one of the first books to give detailed descriptions of human teeth. Hunter wrote The Natural History of the Human Teeth (1771) 1. In it he clearly described dental anatomy and coined the terms bicuspids, cuspids, incisors and molars a classification of the teeth which is still used today. He traced their development in the fetus and the child, and established their structure of pulp, bone, and enamel. Considered a classic in both the history of scienc e and medicine, this work combines the first complete analysis of human dentition with exquisite illustrations. Linnaeus system of organizing life in 1735 fueled a push towards comparative anatomy. Paleotologists began to look at teeth in terms of homology and anology, but they were not viewed with any notion of relatedness in mind. Sir Richard Owen was one of the first ever to give a detailed classification of teeth. His work Odontography which consumed his work over 5 years from 1840-1845, was an exhaustive study on the teeth of extinct and existing animals. This work is characterized by detailed drawings and notes of the differences between species. An important note in this work was that he characterized the teeth Labyrinthodont amphibians. The teeth in this phyla are unique and are considered to be the forerunners of much of the amphibians of today which in turn are the predecessors of mammals. Although he c...

Demography and Epidemiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demography and Epidemiology - Assignment Example Effects of Environment on Enterprise Environmental changes can notably affect the functions of an enterprise. Such changes can also affect national as well as local sources of demographic and epidemiological data. As per reports, environment has been undergoing tremendous changes for the last few years mainly due to thoughtless human activities. These changes are likely to affect the way an organisation designs its operations since there is a strong link between environment and business. 2. Impacts of demographic trends on epidemiological environment There is a strong relationship between demography and epidemiology. Both these studies focus on an overall population rather than individuals. Hence, demographic trends and changes can have significant impacts on epidemiological environment on the health and social care. To illustrate, consider demographic determinants like birth rate, migration flow, or death rate. It is clear that a rise or fall in birth rate, migration flow, or death rate would alter the structure of a population. Since epidemiological studies increasingly focus on factors like birth, aging, and death, this type of demographic trend changes would greatly influence the outcomes of epidemiological studies. 3. ... Surveys conducted by governmental and non-governmental bodies represent other potential source of demographic data. For instance, international bodies like World Health Organisation and UN possess extensive demographic database. UK National Publication Hub is one of the major sources of demographic data in the United Kingdom. 4. Key aspects of social environment Evidently, demographic and epidemiological study results may be notably influenced by various social environmental aspects including lifestyle, food habits, and political status. Many scholars opine that social environment is very likely to cause demographic variations through behavioural mechanisms. â€Å"One aspect of social environment, relative abundance to heterospecifics, influences the intensity of reproductive interference and its demographic effects.† (Hettyey and Pearman 2002). B. A whole new consumer healthcare segment is emerging Today, prevalence of diseases is very high due to some notable changes in life style trends. The ‘fast-food’ habit has greatly contributed to an adverse shift in epidemiological distribution of an area. Reports indicate that the number of people with diseases like diabetes, heart attack, and osteoporosis is increasing day by day. For instance, studies (Hembert et al. 2012) show that changing demographics is more likely to increase the prevalence of chronic diseases. As discussed earlier, the correlation between demographic trends and epidemiological environment has far reaching impacts on healthcare and social life. For instance, notable demographic trend changes may compel epidemiologists to adopt new disease prevention tactics and other healthcare policies. Similarly, demographic and subsequent

Discussion Questions Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion Questions Week 3 - Essay Example enter into the contract is important since it can help to protect either party in the case of a disagreement, as well as to ensure that the agreement is carried out as planned. The legal competence of each party is important so that the contract can be enforceable in a court of law if the need arises. According to J. Rank (2008, pg. 1), a bilateral contract is, â€Å"An agreement formed by an exchange of a promise in which the promise of one party is consideration supporting the promise of the other party. A bilateral contract is distinguishable from a unilateral contract, a promise made by one party in exchange for the performance of some act by the other party. The party to a unilateral contract whose performance is sought is not obligated to act, but if he or she does, the party that made the promise is bound to comply with the terms of the agreement. In a bilateral contract both parties are bound by their exchange of promises.† There are a number of examples that could constitute each type of contract. For instance, consider first the bilateral contract. An example of a bilateral contract that an individual could encounter would include a contract in which an individual purchasing a car agrees to purchase the vehicle if and only if the car dealership agrees to fix a dent in the car before it is delivered. If either party fails to keep up his or her end of the bargain, the contract is breached. An example of a unilateral contract could be a lease. In this case, the individual agrees to stay at a property for a certain length of time, but the property owners promise nothing. According to the Department of Justice (2008, pg. 1), â€Å"All contracts may be oral, except such as are specially required by statute to be in writing. Where a contract, which is required by law to be in writing, is prevented from being put in writing by the fraud of a party thereto, any other party is by such fraud led to believe that it is in writing, and acts upon such belief to